一 | 一 “中午吃什么？”——这个每日必有的灵魂拷问，足以让最果决的人陷入短暂的沉思。 "For decades now, the Pacific Ocean can be fairly described as an American lake, in which the US strategic presence is actively supported by the Australian and to a lesser extent New Zealand economic and security presence," says Joseph Camilleri, emeritus professor at La Trobe University in Melbourne.,However, with the People's Republic of China's (PRC) swift economic rise, it's hardly surprising that Beijing has started to explore new possibilities in the Pacific, according to the academic.,"What has particularly troubled the United States and its principal ally in the South Pacific, Australia, is the fact that China is making inroads into what was until now considered to be an exclusive American sphere of influence," he stresses.,On July 13, Vice President Kamala Harris told the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) in Suva in a virtual address that US funding for the region would be stepped up to $60 million per year for 10 years. The newly announced endeavor includes more funding for fisheries, extra aid, and offers of new US embassies in the Pacific. In particular, the US is set to ink renewed fishing treaties with Pacific island nations allowing US vessels to fish in their exclusive economic zones (EEZ), and offering greater support for maritime surveillance in the Pacific. In addition to that, the Peace Corps – the United States government's volunteer program – will return to four countries, including Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, and Vanuatu, according to CNN.,Australia Welcomes 'Renewed Commitment' From US Towards Pacific, Willing to Work With China11:38 GMT,"The timing of the pledge has much to do with the strategic competition between the United States and China," Camilleri explains. "In recent years, China has made considerable headway in developing its relations with [the Pacific Island Forum (PIF)] board, including cooperation in political, security and regional affairs, aid and development, COVID response and health, Ocean affairs and climate change, and much else.",The US attempt to assert its presence in the Pacific region also comes on the heels of the Quad IUU Fishing Initiative announced in late May, according to Jay Batongbacal, director of the University of the Philippines Institute for Maritime Affairs and Law of the Sea.,The leaders of the Quad nations — Australia, India, Japan, and the United States – proposed a maritime surveillance initiative to establish a tracking system to combat illegal, unregulated, and unprotected (IUU) fishing. The Quad endeavor may be viewed as an extension of earlier initiatives against China's fishing activities in the South Pacific, according to the academic.,"The South Pacific region is presently one of the richest and most active fishery areas in the world," he highlights.,Why Asia Won't Reject Russia's Hydrocarbons or China's Rare Earths Despite US PressureYesterday, 18:54 GMT,Even if Half of Pacific Islands Ink China Pact, It'll be Beijing's Win,Two months ago, Beijing offered a draft agreement between China and 10 island nations spanning policing, security, fisheries, data, and a free trade zone. Some Pacific leaders have agreed to consider China's trade and security pact, while the others have voiced concerns that their rapprochement with Beijing could antagonize Washington.,"The Chinese proposal to establish a China-Pacific Islands cooperation framework agreement may not yet have won sufficient support but I expect that the Chinese side will persist with its proposal, and that it may be happy to proceed with it, even if only five or six Island states are prepared to sing such an agreement," says Camilleri.,Prior to that, in mid-April, the Chinese and the Solomon Islands governments formally signed a bilateral security agreement regardless of the displeasure voiced by the US, Australia, and New Zealand. Commenting on the pact on June 3, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi underscored that its purpose is "to assist the Solomon Islands in maintaining social order." He vehemently denied Western media speculation about China's apparent plans to beef up its military presence in the region.,"China has come to the South Pacific region to build roads and bridges and improve the people’s lives, not to station troops or build military bases," Wang highlighted.,© MANDEL NGANUS President Joe Biden meets with China's President Xi Jinping during a virtual summit from the Roosevelt Room of the White House in Washington, DC, November 15, 2021. US President Joe Biden meets with China's President Xi Jinping during a virtual summit from the Roosevelt Room of the White House in Washington, DC, November 15, 2021. © MANDEL NGAN,US-China Competition for Pacific Islands Region Will Intensify,As the US and China's competition for the resource-rich region unfolds, it all depends on what Washington and Beijing can offer to Pacific island nations, according to Camilleri.,"It is doubtful that the paltry sum of $60 million offered by the United States can even begin to match what China is offering, or that it will greatly impress the Pacific Islands States meeting in Fiji," the professor suggests.,Furthermore, China has made substantial progress in building trade relations with the countries of the region as well as in establishing diplomatic ties with the PIF. The People's Republic was first invited to attend the PIF-related Talk on Establishing Dialogue Partnership held in Suva, Fiji, in 1988. Since 1990, China has attended the Post-Forum Dialogue meetings on a regular basis. In 2003, China announced its willingness to further expand economic ties with PIF member countries as well as to provide funding for the forum's secretariat.,"According to official Chinese figures, from 1992 to 2021, total trade volume between China and Pacific Island Countries (PICs) having diplomatic relations with China grew from $153 million to $5.3 billion, registering an average annual increase of 13% and expanding by over 30 times in 30 years. Similarly, by the end of 2021, China’s direct investment in PICs having diplomatic relations with China had reached $2.72 billion," says Camilleri.,The competition between the United States and its allies on the one hand and China on the other will, if anything, gather pace and intensity in the years to come, the professor says, adding that Beijing's advantage is that "it comes to the table with a much bigger checkbook, and greater opportunities for trade and investment, especially in infrastructure projects."。
二 | 是点开外卖软件在无数店铺间徘徊，是走进熟悉的食堂接受既定的菜单，还是约上同事去探索一家新开的快餐店？这个看似微不足道的日常抉择，背后实则隐藏着一套复杂的行为逻辑。 美国乔治梅森大学教授泰勒·考恩，这位以敏锐洞察力著称的“吃货”，在其新著《中午吃什么：一个吃货经济学家的美味指南》中，便试图为我们解开这个谜题。
三 | 他巧妙地将经济学原理化作一双筷子，带我们品尝日常饮食决策中的百般滋味，并指引我们走向更美味、更聪明、更高效的饮食生活。
四 | 本书并非一本枯燥的经济理论手册，而是一场充满智慧与趣味的思维探险，它将经济学请下神坛，进入烟火气十足的餐厅与厨房。
五 | 《中午吃什么》 [美] 泰勒·考恩 | 著，朱道凯| 译 广西师范大学出版社，2025年9月 在大多数人看来，经济学是关乎国计民生、全球贸易与金融市场的宏大叙事，离我们的日常饮食十分遥远。但考恩却告诉我们，我们每个人在午餐时的决策，都是一场生动而真实的微观经济学实践。我们的餐桌就是一个最微观的餐饮市场，我们的味蕾就是最直接的投票器。
六 | 首先，我们无时无刻不在面对机会成本，这是经济学中最核心的概念之一。
七 | 当你决定花费50元在一份午餐上时，你付出的不仅仅是50元现金，还包括了用这50元享受一顿热气腾腾的重庆小面外加一杯精品咖啡的可能性，或者是一个汉堡套餐加上一本杂志的阅读时光。我们每一次的午餐选择，都是在无数被放弃的可能性中，挑选出当下价值最高的那一个。
八 | 理解这一点就能让我们更理性地看待自己的选择，而非在吃完后懊悔也许该点别的。
九 | 考恩提醒我们，一个真正精明的食客，会下意识地快速评估这些隐形的成本，从而做出让自己事后满意度最高的决策。 其次，是信息不对称的永恒挑战。
十 | 外卖平台上那些光鲜亮丽的菜品图片和精心编排、真假难辨的好评，与最终送到你手中那份仅供参考的实物之间存在着巨大的信息鸿沟。
十一 | 这像极了金融市场上的投资者与上市公司，一方总比另一方掌握更多真实信息。 考恩认为一个精明的美食经济学家，必须学会寻找可靠的信息信号来破局，比如一家餐厅是否专注于几样招牌菜，这通常意味着更高的专业度和品质，如同一家有核心竞争力的公司；午餐时段是否坐满了附近的上班族，本地人的、高频次的选择往往是最佳指南，这是一种用脚投票的市场机制，这些都是比华丽的广告和几条孤立好评更真实的质量背书。 再者，是时间成本与交易成本的精密计算。自己带饭看似节省了金钱，但背后付出了采购、烹饪、备餐和清洁的完整时间链；外出就餐或点外卖，用金钱换取了时间的自由和便利，但需要承担口味不合预期、等待时间过长等风险。考恩认为，这里没有放之四海而皆准的最优解，关键在于认清自己当下的“稀缺资源”究竟是金钱还是时间与精力，从而做出最适合自己的决策。他将我们每个人视为一家微型企业的CEO，每天都需要高效地配置有限的预算、时间与注意力资源，以期获取最大化的味蕾满足感与身心愉悦度。 二 基于上述的经济学思维，考恩在书中提炼出一套实用且有趣的“吃货经济学”行动指南。这套指南的核心，在于引导我们突破信息茧房和惯性思维，像一位充满好奇心的田野调查者一样，去主动发现美味，而不是被动地接受算法的推送。 其一，追随人群而非仅仅追随点评。考恩对网络点评平台持有一种审慎的、甚至略带批判的态度。他认为，在高度商业化的环境下，点评可能被污染，变得不那么纯粹。他更推崇一种古老而有效的现场主义策略：在午餐的黄金时间，走进一条充满生机的餐饮街或美食城，观察哪家店食客盈门，甚至需要等位，尤其要注意其中是否有看起来像本地常客、周边上班族的身影。 流动的游客可能会被华丽的装潢和营销噱头吸引，但稳定的本地消费群体，他们的长期、重复选择，才是品质与性价比最持久、最可靠的风向标。这条原则本质上是利用市场群体的集体智慧来降低个人的决策风险，是“看不见的手”在餐饮市场上的直观体现。 其二，深入边缘发现价值洼地。
十二 | 经济学讲究在市场竞争不充分的地方寻找价值洼地。
十三 | 饮食也是如此，往往存在明显的地理位置定价效应。位于繁华商圈核心地带的餐厅承担着令人咋舌的高昂租金，这部分巨大的刚性成本必然会转嫁到菜品价格上，而口味却未必与之成正比。
十四 | 而与之相隔一两条街的边缘地带，或者那些藏在老旧小区门口、写字楼背面的小店，常常隐藏着性价比极高的宝藏。它们依靠真诚的口碑和坚实的回头客生存，更愿意将成本投入到食材和烹饪技艺的打磨上。考恩鼓励我们，为了美味值得多走几步路，这小小的探索成本往往能带来远超预期的美味回报和发现新大陆般的喜悦。 其三，挑战惯例拥抱多样性，对抗边际效用递减。默认选项是行为经济学中的一个重要概念，我们大多数人出于惰性和对不确定性的规避，都会不假思索地选择它。
十五 | 在午餐中，我们的默认选项就是最常光顾的那几家店和最常点的那几样菜。考恩鼓励我们有计划地打破这种惯性。他建议可以为自己设定一个有趣的目标，比如每月尝新计划，至少尝试一家从未去过的餐厅，或者在一家熟悉的餐厅里点一道从未尝过的菜。 这种对多样性的主动追求，不仅能持续丰富我们的味觉体验库，也能有效防止因长期重复而产生的“饮食疲劳”，提升午餐这一日常仪式的幸福感与期待感。从经济学角度看，这正是在对抗边际效用递减规律，当你连续一周吃同一种外卖时，它带给你的满足感会逐日下降，而新品带来的刺激和满足感可能更高。 其四，审视套餐的陷阱与机遇。商务套餐、外卖满减、秒杀优惠，这些都是商家精心设计的定价与营销策略。考恩教导我们，要用冷静的经济学眼光对其进行剖析，这个套餐是真的为你节省了开支，还是巧妙地诱导你购买了本来不需要的饮料、小食或甜点，从而提升了客单价？它是否让你用较低的成本尝到了餐厅的招牌菜，从而起到了引流和建立口碑的作用？聪明的食客懂得计算单点与套餐的真实差价，并清晰了解自己的真实食量与需求，只选择那些真正能带来消费者剩余，即消费者愿意支付的价格与实际支付价格之间的差额的优惠，果断避开那些制造虚假需求的陷阱。 三 在赞赏考恩提供的这套实用方法论的同时，我们也有必要进行更深入的探讨。他提出的原则，在某种程度上也是为了应对现代人面临的一个共同困境——“选择的悖论”。心理学家巴里·施瓦茨在其著作《选择的悖论》中精辟地指出，过度的选择自由并不会必然带来更大的幸福感和自由感，反而可能导致焦虑、决策疲劳和最终的不满足感。 当我们每天午间点开外卖软件，面对成百上千家餐厅琳琅满目、风格迥异的菜单时，我们所体验到的正是这种“选择的暴政”。我们像在信息的海洋中溺水，花费了大量宝贵的时间和心力在浏览、比较和权衡上，期望做出绝对最优的选择，但结果常常是，无论最终选择了什么，我们都可能会觉得可能错失了更好的那一个，这种机会成本的阴影在过度选择下被无限放大。 考恩的指南恰恰是通过建立一套个人化的、高效的决策框架，来帮助我们对抗这种弥漫性的选择焦虑。他的原则（如去人多的地方、探索边缘店铺）实际上是在为我们设定搜索半径和筛选标准，如同为信息海洋安装了一个过滤器，从而大幅缩减需要考量的选项数量，让决策过程变得高效和轻松。这给予我们一个更深层的启示：真正的饮食智慧，或许不在于尝遍所有，追求极致的最优解，而在于建立自己的品味体系，懂得在何时依靠规则和启发式方法而非一时的冲动或算法的摆布进行选择，从而将有限的精力从纠结吃什么的泥潭中解放出来，用于真正地享受美食本身，以及与同事朋友的交流，或者一段难得的午间休憩。
十六 | 本书的价值远不止于一本美食寻访指南，作者通过解构我们日常生活中最平凡、最高频的场景，完成了一次精彩绝伦的经济学普及。他让我们看到，经济学的思维并非束之高阁的抽象理论，而是一种可以切实提升我们生活品质的实用工具。 它本质上训练的是一种在约束条件下进行优化决策的能力。
十七 | 这种能力具有极强的可迁移性。
十八 | 当我们学会了用信号理论甄别餐厅，我们同样可以用它来筛选招聘信息、选择可靠的合作伙伴；当我们习惯了评估午餐的机会成本与时间成本，我们在面临职业选择、投资决策甚至时间管理时，也会变得更加清醒和理智；当我们懂得审视商家促销背后的逻辑，我们在面对其他任何消费场景时也都能多一份冷静和洞察。 此外，这本书回答的不仅仅是中午吃什么的技术性问题，更是我们如何在一个信息过载、选择泛滥的时代，更明智、更高效、更快乐地做出每一个决策的哲学性问题。它将一种理性的思维框架，注入了我们感性的日常生活之中。 下一次，当你再次站在午餐的十字路口，感到一丝迷茫时，不妨在脑海中回想一下考恩的经济学箴言。或许，这不能立刻让你找到全世界最美味的午餐，但它一定能让你成为一个更主动、更聪明、也更懂得享受每一餐的生活经济学家。 我们会发现，经济学不再是课本上冰冷的曲线和公式，而是我们每日餐桌上活生生的选择与权衡。学会用经济学的眼光看待午餐，不仅仅是满足口腹之欲，更是训练一种在复杂世界中捕捉信号、权衡利弊、优化资源的思维方式。毕竟，学会选择，就是学会生活。而泰勒·考恩的这本《中午吃什么》，正是一位风趣而睿智的向导，带领我们开启这段美味与智慧兼得的旅程。 （作者系浙商资产研究院总经理） 本文来自微信公众号：经观书评，作者：冯毅。
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